Acute/ High contamination: Tissue hemorrhages, Liver necrosis with icterus with white pinhead sized foci, mortality, distended gall bladder and bile duct.
Chronic/Low contamination: General weakness, decreased weight gain with decline in feed efficiency and egg production, liver enlargement, decreased hemoglobin.
Metabolic changes: Increase in serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity, elevated lipid levels, disturbance in hepatic protein synthesis, decreased plasma amino acid concentrations.
Broiler- High mortality, nephrotoxicity and severely reduce weight gain efficiency, air sacculitis, lesions mostly seen after 3 weeks of age.
Layers/ Breeders- Nephropathy, reduced egg quality and production, severe immunosuppression.
Signs- Anemia, increased serum level of Uric acid, Urea, creatinine and total serum protein, proteinuria.
Lesions: Pale, enlarged Kidney and Liver, atrophy of lymphoid glands.
Important for layers and Breeders. Mainly effects reproductive system, thereby effecting Egg shell quality, lower semen quality, Inflammation of Bursa of Fabricius, Cysts in Oviduct.
Effects seen after age of 2 weeks. Body weight and feed intake reduction, Liver enlargement and damage, Kidney damage, decreased serum levels of protein, reduction of villus height which results in production losses.
Broiler-Inhibition of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis, cytotoxicity, immunomodulation, cell lesions in the digestive tract, organs and skin, neural disturbances and decreased weight gain.
Layer- reduction in egg production, and hatchability% [Sokolović M1, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Simpraga B.], small mucosal ulcer in the anterior portion of the gizzard. [Chi MS, Mirocha CJ, Kurtz HF, Weaver G, Bates F, Shimoda W.].
Mainly nephrotoxic, reduced feed consumption and body weight but water consumption is increased.
Very less acute incidences.
Mainly effects immunity and GIT of bird, Vaccination failure, Economic impact is high as affects performance and productivity, inhibit protein synthesis, decrease in size of liver and increase in size of bursa, villus atrophy.
High Mortality, Decreased weight gain.
PM Lesions- Hyperemia and mucosal erosion of proventriculus, Yellow foci in liver.
Sign may include- nervous disorders and thin egg shell.
Immunosuppression.
