Introduction

Fungus Mycotoxins Pesticides Toxicity

Fungus

Some of the Micro fungi produce toxigenic substances which are secondary metabolites. Although the reason for their production is still unknown but it is convenient to believe that they help them to survive in the niche environment [1]

One Fungus can produce more than one type of mycotoxins

Aspergillus flavus

Aspergillus parasiticus

The following are the Toxigenic fungus

Penicillium verrucosum

Aspergillus Sp.

Opportunistic fungus
Aspergillus flavus
Produced Pre harvest and Post-Harvest
Affects majorly oilseed crops like maize, peanuts, cottonseed and tree nuts
Mycotoxins Produced-
Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. pseudotamarii - Cyclopiazonic Acid(CPA), Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2.
A. ochraceus- Ochratoxin A
Aspergillus parasiticus

Penicillium citrinum

Penicillium cyclopium

Penicillium sp.

Ubiquitous soil fungi preferring cool and moderate climates
Major Species and Mycotoxins produced
Penicillium verrucosum, Penicillium cyclopium, P. camemberti- Ochratoxin A, Cyclopiazonic acid
Penicillium citrinum, P. verrucosum- Citrininn

Fusarium sp.

Commonly present in soil, most species are harmless
Mainly effects Wheat, barley, Maize and Fruits like Banana
Major Species and Mycotoxins produced
Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum- Fumonisin B1
F. graminearum, F. avenaceum- Trichothecenes T-2 Toxin, Deoxynivalenol (DON)
F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides- Produces Zearalenone (ZON

F. proliferatum